Finnish hygiene depended so exclusively on saunas, that they had built saunas not only in mobile tents but even in bunkers. German soldiers had got to know the Finnish saunas during their fight against the Soviet Union in the Continuation War, where Germany and Finland fought on the same side. The Sauna became very popular especially in Scandinavia and the German speaking regions of Europe after the Second World War. Although the culture of sauna nowadays is more or less related to Finnish culture, the evolution of sauna happened around the same time both in Finland and the Baltic countries sharing the same meaning and importance of sauna in daily life, shared still to this day. This led to further evolution of the sauna, including the electric sauna stove, which was introduced in 1938 by Metos Ltd in Vaasa. When the Finns migrated to other areas of the globe they brought their sauna designs and traditions with them. Air temperatures averaged around 75–100 ☌ (167–212 ☏) but sometimes exceeded 110 ☌ (230 ☏) in a traditional Finnish sauna. Īs a result of the Industrial Revolution, the sauna evolved to use a metal woodstove, or kiuas, with a chimney. Finland was a notable exception to this due to the epidemic not taking a strong hold in the area, which is a key reason why the sauna culture is nowadays largely perceived as Finnish. Due to the spread of syphilis and subsequent scare of the disease in the 1500s, the sauna culture died out on most of the continent. Saunas were common all over Europe during the Middle Ages. A properly heated "savusauna" gives heat up to 12 hours. These differed from present-day saunas in that they were heated by heating a pile of rocks called kiuas by burning large amounts of wood about 6 to 8 hours, and then letting the smoke out before enjoying the löyly, or sauna heat. The first Finnish saunas are what nowadays are called savusaunas, or smoke saunas. This would raise the apparent temperature so high that people could take off their clothes. Water was thrown on the hot stones to produce steam and to give a sensation of increased heat. The sauna featured a fireplace where stones were heated to a high temperature. The oldest known saunas in Finland were made from pits dug in a slope in the ground and primarily used as dwellings in winter. There are built-in saunas in almost every house in Finland.
The Sauna as known in the western world today originates from Finland. It can also mean a small cabin or cottage, such as a cabin for a fisherman. In Baltic-Finnic languages other than Finnish, sauna does not necessarily mean a building or space built for bathing. Originally borrowed from the early Proto-Germanic *stakna- whose descendants include English stack, the word sauna is an ancient Finnish word referring to the traditional Finnish bath and to the bathhouse itself.
8.4.5 The Nordics, the Baltic States, Russia and Eastern Europe.8.4.2 France, the United Kingdom and Mediterranean Europe.
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